Functional Outcome In Traumatic Brain Injury Research Articles

Functional improvements associated with cranioplasty after stroke and traumatic brain injury: a cohort study.

Decompressive craniectomy is part of the acute management of several neurosurgical illnesses, and is commonly followed by cranioplasty. Data are still scarce on the functional and cognitive outcomes following cranioplasty. We aim to evaluate these outcomes in patients who underwent cranioplasty following traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke. In this prospective cohort, we assessed 1-month and 6-month neuropsychological and functional outcomes in TBI and stroke patients who underwent cranioplasty at a Brazilian tertiary center. The primary outcome was the change in the Digits Test at 1 and 6 months after cranioplasty. Repeated measures general linear models were employed to assess the patients' evolution and interactions with baseline characteristics. Effect size was estimated by the partial η2. A total of 20 TBI and 14 stroke patients were included (mean age 42 ± 14 years; 52.9% male; average schooling 9.5 ± 3.8 years; 91.2% right-handed). We found significant improvements in the Digits Tests up to 6 months after cranioplasty (p = 0.004, partial η2 = 0.183), as well as in attention, episodic memory, verbal fluency, working memory, inhibitory control, visuoconstructive and visuospatial abilities (partial η2 0.106-0.305). We found no interaction between the cranioplasty effect and age, sex or schooling. Patients submitted to cranioplasty earlier (<1 year) after injury had better outcomes. Cognitive and functional outcomes improved after cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy for stroke or TBI. This effect was consistent regardless of age, sex, or education level and persisted after 6 months. Some degree of spontaneous improvement might have contributed to the results.

Beta blocker use in traumatic brain injury based on the high-sensitive troponin status (BBTBBT): methodology and protocol implementation of a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundBeta-adrenergic receptor blockers (BB) play an important role in the protection of organs that are susceptible for secondary injury due to stress-induced adrenergic surge. However, the use of BB in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is not yet the standard of care which necessitates clear scientific evidence to be used. The BBTBBT study aims to determine whether early administration of propranolol based on the high-sensitive troponin T(HsTnT) status will improve the outcome of TBI patients. We hypothesized that early propranolol use is effective in reducing 10- and 30-day mortality in TBI patients. Secondary outcomes will include correlation between serum biomarkers (troponin, epinephrine, cytokines, enolase, S100 calcium binding protein B) and the severity of injury and the impact of BB use on the duration of hospital stay and functional status at a 3-month period.MethodsThe BBTBBT study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled three-arm trial of BB use in mild-to-severe TBI patients based on the HsTnT status. All enrolled patients will be tested for HsTnT at the first 4 and 6 h post-injury. Patients with positive HsTnT will receive BB if there is no contraindication (group 1). Patients with negative HsTnT will be randomized to receive either propranolol (group 2) or placebo (group 3). The time widow for receiving the study treatment is the first 24 h post-injury.DiscussionEarly BB use may reduce the catecholamine storm and subsequently the cascade of immune and inflammatory changes associated with TBI. HsTnT could be a useful fast diagnostic and prognostic tool in TBI patients. This study will be of great clinical interest to improve survival and functional outcomes of TBI patients.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04508244. Registered on 7 August 2020. Recruitment started on 29 December 2020 and is ongoing.

Ventromedial Prefrontal-Anterior Cingulate Hyperconnectivity and Resilience to Apathy in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Apathy is a common and impairing sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Yet, little is known about the neural mechanisms determining in which patients apathy does or does not develop post-TBI. We aimed to elucidate the impact of TBI on motivational neural circuits and how this shapes apathy over the course of TBI recovery. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected in patients with subacute mild TBI (n = 44), chronic mild-to-moderate TBI (n = 26), and nonbrain-injured control participants (CTRL; n = 28). We measured ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) functional connectivity (FC) as a function of apathy, using an a priori vmPFC seed adopted from a motivated decision-making study in an independent TBI study cohort. Patients reported apathy using a well-validated tool for assaying apathy in TBI. The vmPFC-to-wholebrain FC was contrasted between groups, and we fit regression models with apathy predicting vmPFC FC. Subacute and chronic TBI caused increased apathy relative to CTRL, replicating previous work suggesting that apathy has an enduring impact in TBI. The vmPFC was functionally connected to the canonical default network, and this architecture did not differ between subacute TBI, chronic TBI, and CTRL groups. Critically, in TBI, increased apathy scores predicted decreased vmPFC-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) FC. Last, we subdivided the TBI group based on patients above versus below the threshold for "clinically significant apathy," finding that TBI patients with clinically significant apathy demonstrated comparable vmPFC-dACC FC to CTRLs, whereas TBI patients with subthreshold apathy scores demonstrated vmPFC-dACC hyperconnectivity relative to both CTRLs and patients with clinically significant apathy. Post-TBI vmPFC-dACC hyperconnectivity may represent an adaptive compensatory response, helping to maintain motivation and enabling resilience to the development of apathy after neurotrauma. Given the role of vmPFC-dACC circuits in value-based decision making, rehabilitation strategies designed to improve this ability may help to reduce apathy and improve functional outcomes in TBI.

The Revised Neurobehavioral Severity Scale (NSS-R) for Rodents.

Motor and sensory deficits are common following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although rodent models provide valuable insight into the biological and functional outcomes of TBI, the success of translational research is critically dependent upon proper selection of sensitive, reliable, and reproducible assessments. Published literature includes various observational scales designed to evaluate post-injury functionality; however, the heterogeneity in TBI location, severity, and symptomology can complicate behavioral assessments. The importance of choosing behavioral outcomes that can be reliably and objectively quantified in an efficient manner is becoming increasingly important. The Revised Neurobehavioral Severity Scale (NSS-R) is a continuous series of specific, sensitive, and standardized observational tests that evaluate balance, motor coordination, and sensorimotor reflexes in rodents. The tasks follow a specific order designed to minimize interference: balance, landing, tail raise, dragging, righting reflex, ear reflex, eye reflex, sound reflex, tail pinch, and hindpaw pinch. The NSS-R has proven to be a reliable method differentiating brain-injured rodents from non-brain-injured rodents across many brain injury models.

Lithium Ameliorates Neurodegeneration, Suppresses Neuroinflammation, and Improves Behavioral Performance in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) is recognized as one of the leading causes of death from trauma to the central nervous system (CNS), no known treatment effectively mitigates its effects. Lithium, a primary drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder, has been known to have neuroprotective effects in various neurodegenerative conditions such as stroke. Until this study, however, it has not been investigated as a post-insult treatment for TBI. To evaluate whether lithium could have beneficial effects following TBI, lithium at a dose of 1.5 mEq/kg was administered after injury. Assessed at 3 days and 3 weeks post-injury using hematoxylin and eosin staining, lithium treatment was found to reduce lesion volume. Lithium at doses of 2.0 and 3.0 mEq/kg also significantly reduced lesion volume at 3 days after injury, and the therapeutic window was at least 3 h post-injury. TBI-induced neuronal death, microglial activation, and cyclooxygenase-2 induction were all attenuated by lithium at 3 days after injury. In addition, lithium treatment reduced TBI-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and preserved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. As for behavioral outcomes, lithium treatment reduced anxiety-like behavior in an open-field test, and improved short- and long-term motor coordination in rotarod and beam-walk tests. Lithium robustly increased serine phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), suggesting that the underlying mechanisms responsible for lithium's protective effects are triggered by increasing phosphorylation of this kinase and thereby inhibiting its activity. Our results support the notion that lithium has heretofore unrecognized capacity to mitigate the neurodegenerative effects and improve functional outcomes in TBI.

Functional Outcome in TBI I: Neuropsychological, Emotional, and Behavioral Mediators

Literature exists to suggest that the severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is positively associated with the severity of functional impairment. However, potential mediators of this relationship have not been studied systematically. In the present study, we evaluated a model hypothesized to explain the relationship between TBI severity and functional impairment in 87 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI, studied longitudinally. Using structural equation modeling, we found that only neuropsychological status (but not emotional or behavioral difficulties) consistently mediated the relationship between TBI severity and functional outcome at 12-months post-injury. These findings suggest that, of the factors examined here, neurocognitive compromise plays the most prominent role in mediating post-TBI adaptive functioning in moderate-to-severe TBI, which has important implications for post-injury interventions.

Traumatic brain injury: classification of initial severity and determination of functional outcome

Purpose : The aim of the present manuscript is to review current methods for classifying initial severity and final outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to suggest a direction and form of further research. Method : The literature on valid and reliable measurements used in TBI-research for classifying initial severity and final outcome was reviewed. Results : Classifying initial severity in patients with head injury according to clinical condition or CT-parameters is valid. Classifying outcome according to measurement tools of disability showed adequate validity and reliability. Conclusions : Future research in TBI outcome, particularly in rehabilitation medicine, should focus on determinants of outcome, identifying those patients who will have the greatest chance of benefiting from intensive rehabilitation programmes. More research is needed to determine the long-term functional outcome in TBI, the long-term socio-economic costs, and the influence of behavioural problems on family cohesion. Finally, validation of outcome measures is required in the TBI-population; the relative value of various outcome measures needs to be determined, and the usefulness and applicability of measures for health related quality of life in TBI should be established.

Traumatic brain injury: predicting course of recovery and outcome for patients admitted to rehabilitation

Objective: To demonstrate that the prognosis for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to rehabilitation can be established with use of principled neurologic diagnosis and predictor variables of established value in neurosurgical populations. Design: A cohort of patients with TBI accumulated at rehabilitation admission were followed up for 1 year. Severity measures (Glasgow Coma Scale score, length of coma, and duration of posttraumatic amnesia) and information to generate neuropathologic profiles were gathered retrospectively and prospectively; outcome measures were obtained prospectively. Setting: The TBI rehabilitation unit in a freestanding rehabilitation hospital. Patients: A consecutive sample of 243 patients with TBI admitted to a rehabilitation unit (age range, 8 through 89 years). Main Outcome Measures: Functional outcome measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 and 12 months after injury. Results: Posttraumatic amnesia had a clear, predictable relationship to length of coma in patients with diffuse axonal injury ( R 2 =.58, P R 2 =.45, P R 2 =.48, P Conclusions: The early course of recovery and functional outcome in TBI can be characterized in neurorehabilitation populations and is highly dependent on specific neuropathologic diagnosis, severity, and age. Predictions that employ traditional measures of severity are most relevant in patients with diffuse axonal injury. Age has a potent, complex effect on recovery, particularly beyond age 40 years.

Traumatic Brain Injury

To demonstrate that the prognosis for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to rehabilitation can be established with use of principled neurologic diagnosis and predictor variables of established value in neurosurgical populations. A cohort of patients with TBI accumulated at rehabilitation admission were followed up for 1 year. Severity measures (Glasgow Coma Scale score, length of coma, and duration of posttraumatic amnesia) and information to generate neuropathologic profiles were gathered retrospectively and prospectively; outcome measures were obtained prospectively. The TBI rehabilitation unit in a freestanding rehabilitation hospital. A consecutive sample of 243 patients with TBI admitted to a rehabilitation unit (age range, 8 through 89 years). Functional outcome measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 and 12 months after injury. Posttraumatic amnesia had a clear, predictable relationship to length of coma in patients with diffuse axonal injury (R2 = .58, P < .0001). Severity measures, particularly duration of posttraumatic amnesia, correlated with the Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 and 12 months after injury (R2 = .45, P < .0001, R2 = .48, P < .0001), strongly in patients with diffuse axonal injury but poorly in patients with primarily focal brain injury. Age was an important factor in recovery, beginning at age 40 years; older patients had significantly longer posttraumatic amnesia and worse functional outcome at any severity. The early course of recovery and functional outcome in TBI can be characterized in neurorehabilitation populations and is highly dependent on specific neuropathologic diagnosis, severity, and age. Predictions that employ traditional measures of severity are most relevant in patients with diffuse axonal injury. Age has a potent, complex effect on recovery, particularly beyond age 40 years.